![IBM 1620 data processing machine on display, Seattle World's Fair, 1962](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/IBM_1620_data_processing_machine_on_display%2C_Seattle_World%27s_Fair%2C_1962.jpg)
The IBM 1620 was announced by
IBM on October 21, 1959,
and marketed as an inexpensive scientific computer.
After a total production of about two thousand machines, it was withdrawn on November 19, 1970. Modified versions of the 1620 were used as the CPU of the
IBM 1710
The IBM 1710 was a process control system that IBM introduced in March 1961. It used either a 1620 I or a 1620 II Computer and specialized I/O devices (e.g., IBM 1711 analog-to-digital converter and digital-to-analog converter, IBM 1712 discrete ...
and
IBM 1720 The IBM 1720 was a pilot project to create a real-time process control computer based on the IBM 1620 Model I.
Only three 1720 systems were ever built: one for the Amoco oil refinery in Whiting, Indiana; one for the Socal oil refinery in El Segundo ...
Industrial Process Control Systems (making it the first digital computer considered reliable enough for
real-time
Real-time or real time describes various operations in computing or other processes that must guarantee response times within a specified time (deadline), usually a relatively short time. A real-time process is generally one that happens in defined ...
process control
An industrial process control in continuous production processes is a discipline that uses industrial control systems to achieve a production level of consistency, economy and safety which could not be achieved purely by human manual control. I ...
of factory equipment).
[
Being variable-word-length decimal, as opposed to fixed-word-length pure binary, made it an especially attractive first computer to learn on and hundreds of thousands of students had their first experiences with a computer on the IBM 1620.
Core memory cycle times were 20 microseconds for the (earlier) Model I, 10 microseconds for the Model II (about a thousand times slower than typical computer main memory in 2006). The Model II was introduced in 1962.]
Architecture
Memory
The IBM 1620 Model I was a variable "word
A word is a basic element of language that carries an semantics, objective or pragmatics, practical semantics, meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of w ...
" length decimal ( BCD) computer using core memory
Core or cores may refer to:
Science and technology
* Core (anatomy), everything except the appendages
* Core (manufacturing), used in casting and molding
* Core (optical fiber), the signal-carrying portion of an optical fiber
* Core, the central ...
. The Model I core could hold 20,000 decimal digits with each digit stored in six bits.[ More memory could be added with the IBM 1623 Storage Unit, Model 1 which held 40,000 digits, or the 1623 Model 2 which held 60,000.][
The Model II deployed the IBM 1625 core-storage memory unit,] whose memory cycle time was halved by using faster cores, compared to the Model I's (internal or 1623 memory unit): to 10 μs (i.e., the cycle speed was raised to 100 kHz).
While the five-digit addresses of either model could have addressed 100,000 decimal digits, no machine larger than 60,000 decimal digits was ever marketed.
Memory access
Memory was accessed two decimal digits at the same time (even-odd digit pair for numeric data or one '' alphameric'' character for text data). Each decimal digit was six bits, composed of an odd parity Check bit, a Flag bit, and four BCD bits for the value of the digit in the following format:["The main memory was logically arranged as 20,000 6-bit words. Each word comprised four BCD data bits, a "flag" bit, and an odd parity check bit. Though this was its logical arrangement, physically memory was a 100x100 array of 12-bit ferrite core words, which causes a few quirks in the instruction set. All instructions occupied 12 consecutive digits of memory, and were required to start at an even address so that the two-digit opcode could be read in one 12-bit physical word." ]
C F 8 4 2 1
The Flag bit had several uses:
* In the least significant digit it was set to indicate a negative number (signed magnitude
In computing, signed number representations are required to encode negative numbers in binary number systems.
In mathematics, negative numbers in any base are represented by prefixing them with a minus sign ("−"). However, in RAM or CPU regist ...
).
* It was set to mark the most significant digit of a number (''wordmark
__notoc__
A wordmark, word mark, or logotype, is usually a distinct text-only typographic treatment of the name of a company, institution, or product name used for purposes of identification and branding. Examples can be found in the graphic iden ...
'').
* In the least significant digit of five-digit addresses it was set for indirect address
Addressing modes are an aspect of the instruction set architecture in most central processing unit (CPU) designs. The various addressing modes that are defined in a given instruction set architecture define how the machine language instructions i ...
ing (an option on the Model I, standard on the 1620 Model II). Multi-level indirection[ could be used (the machine could even be put into an infinite indirect addressing loop).
* In the middle three digits of five-digit addresses (on the 1620 II) they were set to select one of seven ]index register
An index register in a computer's CPU is a processor register (or an assigned memory location) used for pointing to operand addresses during the run of a program. It is useful for stepping through strings and arrays. It can also be used for hol ...
s.
In addition to the valid BCD digit values there were three ''special'' digit values (these could be used in calculations):
C F 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 Record Mark (right most end of record, prints as a double dagger
A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species). It is one of the modern descendan ...
symbol, ‡)
1 1 0 0 Numeric Blank (blank for punched card output formatting)
1 1 1 1 Group Mark (right most end of a group of records for disk I/O)
Instructions
Instruction or instructions may refer to:
Computing
* Instruction, one operation of a processor within a computer architecture instruction set
* Computer program, a collection of instructions
Music
* Instruction (band), a 2002 rock band from Ne ...
were fixed length (12 decimal digits), consisting of a two-digit "op code
In computing, an opcode (abbreviated from operation code, also known as instruction machine code, instruction code, instruction syllable, instruction parcel or opstring) is the portion of a machine language instruction that specifies the operat ...
", a five-digit "P Address" (usually the ''destination'' address), and a five-digit "Q Address" (usually the ''source'' address or the ''source'' immediate value). Some instructions, such as the B (branch) instruction, used only the P Address, and later smart assemblers included a "B7" instruction that generated a seven-digit branch instruction (op code, P address, and one extra digit because the next instruction had to start on an even-numbered digit).
Fixed-point data "words" could be any size from two decimal digits up to all of memory not used for other purposes.
Floating-point
In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic that represents real numbers approximately, using an integer with a fixed precision, called the significand, scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base. For example, 12.345 can b ...
data "words" (using the hardware floating point
In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic that represents real numbers approximately, using an integer with a fixed precision, called the significand, scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base. For example, 12.345 can be ...
option) could be any size from 4 decimal digits up to 102 decimal digits (2 to 100 digits for the mantissa and two digits for the exponent
Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as , involving two numbers, the '' base'' and the ''exponent'' or ''power'' , and pronounced as " (raised) to the (power of) ". When is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to re ...
).
The Fortran II compiler offered limited access to this flexibility via a "Source Program Control Card" preceding the fortran source in a fixed format:
*ffkks
The * in column one, ''ff'' the number of digits for the mantissa of floating-point numbers (allowing 02 to 28), ''kk'' the number of digits for fixed-point numbers (allowing 04 to 10) and ''s'' is to specify the memory size of the computer to run the code if not the current computer: 2, 4, or 6 for memories of 20,000 or 40,000 or 60,000 digits.
The machine had no programmer-accessible registers: all operations were memory to memory (including the index register
An index register in a computer's CPU is a processor register (or an assigned memory location) used for pointing to operand addresses during the run of a program. It is useful for stepping through strings and arrays. It can also be used for hol ...
s of the 1620 II).
:''See Architectural difficulties section''
Character and op codes
The table below lists Alphameric mode characters (and op codes).
The table below lists numeric mode characters.
Invalid character
The Model I used the Cyrillic character Ж (pronounced zh) on the typewriter as a general purpose invalid character with correct parity (invalid parity being indicated with an overstrike "–"). In some 1620 installations it was called a SMERSH, as used in the James Bond
The ''James Bond'' series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have ...
novels that had become popular in the late 1960s. The Model II used a new character ❚ (called "pillow") as a general purpose invalid character with correct parity.
Architectural difficulties
Although the IBM 1620's architecture was very popular in the scientific and engineering community, computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra
Edsger Wybe Dijkstra ( ; ; 11 May 1930 – 6 August 2002) was a Dutch computer scientist, programmer, software engineer, systems scientist, and science essayist. He received the 1972 Turing Award for fundamental contributions to developing progra ...
pointed out several flaws in its design in EWD37, "A review of the IBM 1620 data processing system". Among these are that the machine's Branch and Transmit instruction together with Branch Back allow a grand total of ''one'' level of nested subroutine call, forcing the programmer of any code with more than one level to decide where the use of this "feature" would be most effective. He also showed how the machine's paper tape reading support could not properly read tapes containing record marks, since record marks are used to terminate the characters read in storage. One effect of this is that the 1620 cannot duplicate a tape with record marks in a straightforward way: when the record mark is encountered, the punch instruction punches an EOL character instead and terminates. However this was not a crippling problem:
* the data can be copied to the end of memory and punched verbatim with a DN instruction instead of WN
* tapes were usually duplicated offline
In computer technology and telecommunications, online indicates a state of connectivity and offline indicates a disconnected state. In modern terminology, this usually refers to an Internet connection, but (especially when expressed "on line" or ...
.
Most 1620 installations used the more convenient punched card input/output, rather than paper tape.
The successor to the 1620, the IBM 1130
The IBM 1130 Computing System, introduced in 1965, was IBM's least expensive computer at that time. A binary 16-bit machine, it was marketed to price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets, like education and engineering, succeeding th ...
, was based on a totally different, 16-bit binary architecture. (The 1130 line retained one 1620 peripheral, the IBM 1627
The IBM 1627 was a Rebranding, rebranded Calcomp plotter sold by IBM for use with the IBM 1620, and, later, the IBM 1130 computers. It became perhaps the first non-IBM peripheral that IBM allowed to be attached to one of its computers.
The plo ...
drum plotter.)
Software
IBM supplied the following software for the 1620:
* 1620 Symbolic Programming System (SPS) (assembly language
In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language, or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as Assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence be ...
)
* FORTRAN
* FORTRAN II required 40,000 digits or more of memory
* GOTRAN simplified, interpreted version of FORTRAN for "load and go" operation
* Monitor I and Monitor II disk operating system
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also in ...
s.
The Monitors provided disk based versions of 1620 SPS IId, FORTRAN IId as well as a DUP (Disk Utility Program). Both Monitor systems required 20,000 digits or more of memory and one or more 1311 disk drives.
A collection of IBM 1620 related manuals in PDF format exists at bitsavers.
1620 non-decimal arithmetic
Since the ''Model I'' used in-memory lookup tables for addition/subtraction, limited bases (5 to 9) unsigned number arithmetic could be performed by changing the contents of these tables, but noting that the hardware included a ten's complementer for subtraction (and addition of oppositely signed numbers).
To do fully signed addition and subtraction in bases 2 to 4 required detailed understanding of the hardware to create a "folded" addition table that would fake out the complementer and carry logic.
Also the addition table would have to be reloaded for normal base 10 operation every time address calculations were required in the program, then reloaded again for the alternate base. This made the "trick" somewhat less than useful for any practical application.
Since the ''Model II'' had addition and subtraction fully implemented in hardware, changing the table in memory could not be used as a "trick" to change arithmetic bases. However an optional special feature in hardware for octal input/output, logical operations,
and base conversion to/from decimal was available.
Although bases other than 8 and 10 were not supported, this made the Model II very practical for applications that needed to manipulate data formatted in octal by other computers (e.g., the IBM 7090).
Model I
The IBM 1620 Model I (commonly called "1620" from 1959 until the 1962 introduction of the Model II) was the original. It was produced as inexpensively as possible, to keep the price low.
* It lacked conventional ALU hardware: arithmetic was done by memory table
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If past events could not be remembered, ...
lookup. Addition and subtraction used a 100-digit table (at address 00300..00399). Multiplication used a 200-digit table (at address 00100..00299). The basic machine used software subroutines for division, although optional divide hardware could be installed that used a repeated subtraction algorithm. Floating point arithmetic instructions were an available option (if the divide option was installed).
* The first 20,000 decimal digits of magnetic-core memory
Magnetic-core memory was the predominant form of random access, random-access computer memory for 20 years between about 1955 and 1975.
Such memory is often just called core memory, or, informally, core.
Core memory uses toroids (rings) of a ...
were internal to the CPU
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and ...
itself (which reduced the floor space requirements of the basic system). Expansion to either 40,000 or 60,000 decimal digits required the addition of an IBM 1623 Memory unit. The memory cycle time was 20 μs (that is, the memory speed was 50 kHz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second. The hertz is an SI derived unit whose expression in terms of SI base units is s−1, meaning that on ...
= 1/20 of a MHz). A Memory Address Register Storage (MARS)[ Core memory read, clear, or write operation took 2 μs and each write operation was automatically (but not necessarily immediately) preceded by a read or clear operation of the same "register(s)" during the 20 μs memory cycle.
* The central processor clock speed was 1 ]MHz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second. The hertz is an SI derived unit whose expression in terms of SI base units is s−1, meaning that one he ...
, which was divided by 20 by a 10-position ring counter
A ring counter is a type of counter composed of flip-flops connected into a shift register, with the output of the last flip-flop fed to the input of the first, making a "circular" or "ring" structure.
There are two types of ring counters:
* A s ...
to provide the system timing and control signals. Instructions took eight memory cycles (160 μs) to fetch and a variable number of memory cycles to execute. Indirect addressing[ added four memory cycles (80 μs) for each level of indirection.
* It weighed about .
]
Model II
The IBM 1620 Model II (commonly called simply the Model II) was a vastly improved implementation, compared to the original Model I. The Model II was introduced in 1962.
* It had basic ALU hardware for addition and subtraction, but multiplication was still done by in-core memory table lookup, using a 200-digit table (at address 00100..00299). Memory addresses at address 00300..00399 were freed by the replacement of the addition table with hardware, resulting in storage of two selectable "bands" of seven five-digit index register
An index register in a computer's CPU is a processor register (or an assigned memory location) used for pointing to operand addresses during the run of a program. It is useful for stepping through strings and arrays. It can also be used for hol ...
s.
* Rather than being an available option, as in the Model I, the divide hardware using a repeated subtraction algorithm, was built in. Floating-point arithmetic
In computing, floating-point arithmetic (FP) is arithmetic that represents real numbers approximately, using an integer with a fixed precision, called the significand, scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base. For example, 12.345 can be ...
was an available option, as were octal input/output, logical operations, and base conversion to/from decimal instructions.
* The entire core memory was in the IBM 1625 memory unit. Memory cycle time was halved compared to the Model I's (internal or 1623 memory unit), to 10 μs (i.e., the cycle speed was raised to 100 kHz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second. The hertz is an SI derived unit whose expression in terms of SI base units is s−1, meaning that on ...
) by using faster cores.[ A Memory Address Register Storage (MARS) core memory read, clear, or write operation took 1.5 μs and each write operation was automatically (but not necessarily immediately) preceded by a read or clear operation of the same "register(s)" during the 10 μs memory cycle.
* The processor clock speed was also doubled, to 2 ]MHz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second. The hertz is an SI derived unit whose expression in terms of SI base units is s−1, meaning that one he ...
, which was still divided by 20 by a 10 position ring counter
A ring counter is a type of counter composed of flip-flops connected into a shift register, with the output of the last flip-flop fed to the input of the first, making a "circular" or "ring" structure.
There are two types of ring counters:
* A s ...
to provide the system timing/control signals. The fetch/execute mechanism was completely redesigned, optimizing the timing and allowing partial fetches when the P or Q fields were not needed. Instructions took either 1, 4, or 6 memory cycles (10 μs, 40 μs, or 60 μs) to fetch and a variable number of memory cycles to execute. Indirect addressing[ added three memory cycles (30 μs) for each level of ]indirection
In computer programming, indirection (also called dereferencing) is the ability to reference something using a name, reference, or container instead of the value itself. The most common form of indirection is the act of manipulating a value throug ...
. Indexed addressing added five memory cycles (50 μs) for each level of indexing. Indirect and indexed addressing could be combined at any level of indirection or indexing.
Models I and II consoles
While the ''Lower console'' for both the Model 1 and the Model 2 IBM 1620 systems had the same lamps and switches, the ''Upper console'' of the pair were partly different.
Upper console
The balance of the ''Upper console'' was the same on both models:
* Operation Register 25 lamps
* Memory Buffer Register 30 lamps
* Memory Address Register 25 lamps
* Memory Address Register Display Selector – Rotary switch, 12 positions
Lower console
* Emergency Off Pull Pull switch
* Check Condition status lamps/switches 15 lamps & 5 toggle switches
* Program Switches 4 toggle switches
* Console operator lights/switches 13 lights, 1 power switch, and 12 buttons
Console typewriter
The ''Model I'' console typewriter was a modified Model B1, interfaced by a set of relays, and it typed at only 10 characters per second.
There were a set of instructions that wrote to the typewriter, or read from it. The general RN (read numeric) and WN (write numeric) instructions had assembly language mnemonics that supplied the "device" code in the second address field, and the control code in the low-order digit of the second address field.
* WNTY: Write Numeric TYpewriter: each memory location contained a 6-bit character in the range of 000000 to 001001; with this instruction, each memory location was rendered as one of the characters "0" through "9".
* WATY: Write Alphanumeric TYpewriter: each pair of memory locations contained two 6-bit digits that appeared on the typewriter as one of the 64 characters that could appear.
* RNTY: Read Numeric TYpewriter: read a numeric value from the typewriter keyboard
* RATY: Read Alphanumeric TYpewriter: read a character from the keyboard and store as a two-digit alphanumeric character
* TBTY: TaB TYpewriter. Tabs had to be set manually, so this instruction was rarely used.
* RCTY: Return Carriage TYpewriter: Caused the typewriter to do what we now call a CR/LF sequence.
To simplify input and output, there were two instructions:
* TNS: Transmit Numeric Strip: Converts a two-digit alphanumeric representation of "0" to "9" to a single-digit representation
* TNF: Transmit Numeric Fill: Converts a single-digit representation of digits to a sequence to two-digit alphanumeric sequence that represented "0" through "9"
The ''Model II'' used a modified Selectric
The IBM Selectric typewriter was a highly successful line of electric typewriters introduced by IBM on 31 July 1961.
Instead of the "basket" of individual typebars that swung up to strike the ribbon and page in a typical typewriter of the perio ...
typewriter, which could type at 15.5 cps a 55% improvement.
Peripherals
Available peripherals were:
* IBM 1621 Paper tape reader
* IBM 1622
The IBM 1402 was a high speed card reader/punch introduced on October 5, 1959 as a peripheral input/output device for the IBM 1401 computer. It was later used with other computers of the IBM 1400 series and IBM 7000 series product lines. It w ...
Punch card reader/punch
* IBM 1624 Paper tape punch (sat inside the 1621 on a shelf)
* IBM 1626 Plotter controller
* IBM 1627
The IBM 1627 was a Rebranding, rebranded Calcomp plotter sold by IBM for use with the IBM 1620, and, later, the IBM 1130 computers. It became perhaps the first non-IBM peripheral that IBM allowed to be attached to one of its computers.
The plo ...
Plotter
* IBM 1311
IBM manufactured magnetic disk storage devices from 1956 to 2003, when it sold its hard disk drive business to Hitachi. Both the hard disk drive (HDD) and floppy disk drive (FDD) were invented by IBM and as such IBM's employees were responsible fo ...
Disk drive: Model 3 master drive controlling up to 3–Model 2 slave drives.
* IBM 1443
The IBM 1443 Printer (sometimes referred to as the ''1443 Flying Type Bar Printer'') is an obsolete computer line printer used in the punched card era. It was offered in three models: Models 1, 2 and N1; the last two could print up to 240 lines p ...
Printer
Printer may refer to:
Technology
* Printer (publishing), a person or a company
* Printer (computing), a hardware device
* Optical printer for motion picture films
People
* Nariman Printer ( fl. c. 1940), Indian journalist and activist
* Jame ...
, flying type bar
* IBM 1405
IBM manufactured magnetic disk storage devices from 1956 to 2003, when it sold its hard disk drive business to Hitachi. Both the hard disk drive (HDD) and floppy disk drive (FDD) were invented by IBM and as such IBM's employees were responsible fo ...
Disk Drive available as RPQ
Request price quotation or RPQ is a long-standing IBM designation for a product or component that is potentially available, but that is not on the "standard" price list. Typical RPQ offerings are custom interfaces, hardware modifications, researc ...
(request price quotation)
The standard "output" mechanism for a program was to punch cards, which was faster than using the typewriter. These punched cards were then fed through an IBM 407 mechanical calculator which could be programmed to print two cards, thus being able to use the additional print columns available on the 407. All output was synchronous, and the processor paused while the Input/Output
In computing, input/output (I/O, or informally io or IO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals ...
(I/O) device produced the output, so the typewriter output could completely dominate program running time.
A faster output option, the IBM 1443
The IBM 1443 Printer (sometimes referred to as the ''1443 Flying Type Bar Printer'') is an obsolete computer line printer used in the punched card era. It was offered in three models: Models 1, 2 and N1; the last two could print up to 240 lines p ...
printer was introduced May 6, 1963,["1963 : On May 6, the IBM 1443 printer, for use with the IBM 1620 data processing system, makes its debut." ] and its 150–600 lines/minute capability was available for use with either model of the 1620.
It could print either 120 or 144 columns. The character width was fixed, so it was the paper size that changed; the printer printed 10 characters to the inch, so a printer could print a maximum of 12 inches or 14.4 inches of text. In addition, the printer had a buffer, so the I/O delay for the processor was reduced. However, the print instruction would block if the line had not completed.
Operating procedures
The "operating system" for the computer constituted the human operator, who would use controls on the computer console
Console may refer to:
Computing and video games
* System console, a physical device to operate a computer
** Virtual console, a user interface for multiple computer consoles on one device
** Command-line interface, a method of interacting with ...
, which consisted of a front panel
A front panel was used on early electronic computers to display and allow the alteration of the state of the machine's internal registers and memory. The front panel usually consisted of arrays of indicator lamps, digit and symbol displays, to ...
and typewriter, to load programs from the available bulk storage media such as decks of punched cards or rolls of paper tape that were kept in cabinets nearby. Later, the model 1311 disc storage device attached to the computer enabled a reduction in the fetch and carry of card decks or paper tape rolls, and a simple "Monitor" operating system could be loaded to help in selecting what to load from disc.[
A standard preliminary was to clear the computer memory of any previous user's detritus being magnetic cores, the memory retained its last state even if the power had been switched off. This was effected by using the console facilities to load a simple computer program via typing its machine code at the console typewriter, running it, and stopping it. This was not challenging as only one instruction was needed such as 160001000000, loaded at address zero and following. This meant ''transmit field immediate'' (the 16: two-digit op-codes) to address 00010 the immediate constant field having the value 00000 (five-digit operand fields, the second being from address 11 back to 7), decrementing source and destination addresses until such time as a digit with a "flag" was copied. This was the normal machine code means of copying a constant of up to five digits. The digit string was addressed at its low-order end and extended through lower addresses until a digit with a flag marked its end. But for this instruction, no flag would ever be found because the source digits had shortly before been overwritten by digits lacking a flag. Thus the operation would roll around memory (even overwriting itself) filling it with all zeroes until the operator grew tired of watching the roiling of the indicator lights and pressed the ''Instant Stop - Single Cycle Execute'' button. Each 20,000 digit module of memory took just under one second to clear. On the 1620 II this instruction would ''NOT'' work (due to certain optimizations in the implementation). Instead there was a button on the console called ''Modify'' which when pressed together with the ''Check Reset'' button, when the computer was in Manual mode, would set the computer in a mode that would clear all of memory in a tenth of one second regardless of how much memory you had; when you pressed ''Start''. It also stopped automatically when memory was cleared, instead of requiring the operator to stop it.
Other than typing machine code at the console, a program could be loaded via either the paper tape reader, the card reader, or any disk drive. Loading from either tape or disk required first typing a " bootstrap" routine on the console typewriter.
The card reader made things easier because it had a special ''Load'' button to signify that the first card was to be read into the computer's memory (starting at address 00000) and executed (as opposed to just starting the card reader, which then awaits commands from the computer to read cards) this is the "bootstrap" process that gets into the computer just enough code to read in the rest of the code (from the card reader, or disc, or...) that constitutes the loader that will read in and execute the desired program.
Programs were prepared ahead of time, offline, on paper tape or punched cards. But usually the programmers were allowed to run the programs personally, hands-on, instead of submitting them to operators as was the case with mainframe computers at that time. And the console typewriter allowed entering data and getting output in an interactive fashion, instead of just getting the normal printed output from a blind batch run on a pre-packaged data set. As well, there were four program switches on the console whose state a running program could test and so have its behavior directed by its user. The computer operator could also stop a running program (or it may come to a deliberately programmed stop) then investigate or modify the contents of memory: being decimal-based, this was quite easy; even floating-point numbers could be read at a glance. Execution could then be resumed, from any desired point. Aside from debugging, scientific programming is typically exploratory, by contrast to commercial data processing where the same work is repeated on a regular schedule.
]
Console
The most important items on the 1620's console were a pair of buttons labeled ''Insert'' & ''Release'', and the console typewriter.
* Insert – Pressing this key with the computer in ''Manual'' mode reset the program counter (in the MARS core memory) to zero, switched the computer into ''Automatic'' and ''Insert'' modes, and simulated the execution of a Read Numeric from Typewriter to address zero (unlocked the typewriter keyboard, shifted the typewriter into numeric mode). Note: unlike a real Read Numeric from Typewriter, ''Insert'' mode would force a ''Release'' after 100 digits had been typed to prevent overwriting the arithmetic tables.
* Release – Pressing this key while doing a Read from the Typewriter terminated the Read, switched the computer into ''Manual'' mode, and locked the typewriter keyboard.
The typewriter is used for operator input/output, both as the main console control of the computer and for program controlled input/output. Later models of the typewriter had a special key marked ''R-S'' that combined the functions of the console ''Release'' & ''Start'' buttons (this would be considered equivalent to an ''Enter'' key on a modern keyboard). Note: several keys on the typewriter did not generate input characters, these included ''Tab'' and ''Return'' (the 1620s alphameric and numeric BCD character sets lacked character codes for these keys).
The next most important items on the console were the buttons labeled ''Start'', ''Stop-SIE'', and ''Instant Stop-SCE''.
* Start – Pressing this key with the computer in ''Manual'' mode switched the computer to ''Automatic'' mode (causing the computer to begin executing at the address in the program counter).
* Stop-SIE – Pressing this key with the computer in ''Automatic'' mode switched the computer to ''Manual'' mode when the currently executing instruction completes. Pressing this key with the computer in ''Manual'' mode switched the computer into ''Automatic'' mode for one instruction.
* Instant Stop-SCE – Pressing this key with the computer in ''Automatic'' mode switched the computer into ''Automatic/Manual'' mode at the end of the current memory cycle. Pressing this key with the computer in ''Manual'' or ''Automatic/Manual'' mode switched the computer into ''Automatic/Manual'' mode and executed one memory cycle.
For program debugging there were the buttons labeled ''Save'' & ''Display MAR''.
* Save – Pressing this key with the computer in ''Manual'' mode saved the program counter into another register in the MARS core memory and activated ''Save'' mode.
When a Branch Back instruction was executed in ''Save'' mode, it copied the saved value back to the program counter (instead of copying the return address register as it normally did) and deactivated ''Save'' mode.
This was used during debugging to remember where the program had been stopped to allow it to be resumed after the debugging instructions that the operator had typed on the typewriter had finished. Note: the MARS register used to save the program counter in was also used by the ''Multiply'' instruction, so this instruction and the ''Save'' mode were incompatible! However, there was no need to use multiply in debugging code, so this was not considered to be a problem.
* Display MAR – Pressing this key with the computer in ''Manual'' mode displayed the selected MARS register and the contents of the memory at that address on the console lamps.
All of main memory could be cleared from the console by entering and executing a transfer instruction from address to address +1, this would overwrite any word mark, that would normally stop a transfer instruction, and wrap around at the end of memory. After a moment, pressing Stop would stop the transfer instruction and memory would be cleared.
IBM 1621/1624 Paper Tape reader/punch
The IBM 1621 Paper Tape Reader could read a maximum of 150 characters per second;
The IBM 1624 Paper Tape Punch could output a maximum of 15 characters/second.[
Both units:
* could handle eight-channel paper tape
* performed self-checking to ensure accuracy
* accommodated both numerical and alphabetic information in single-character coding.
The ]1621
Events
January–March
* January 12 – Şehzade Mehmed, the 15-year old half-brother of Ottoman Sultan Osman II, is put to death by hanging on Osman's orders. Before dying, Mehmed prays aloud that Osman's reign as Sultan be rui ...
Tape Reader and 1624
Events
January–March
* January 14 – After 90 years of Ottoman occupation, Baghdad is recaptured by the Safavid Empire.
* January 22 – Korean General Yi Gwal leads an uprising of 12,000 soldiers against King Injo in wh ...
Tape Punch included controls for:
* Power switch – If "on" the unit reader is powered up when the CPU is powered on.
* Reel-Strip switch – This switch selects whether Reels or Strips of paper tape are used.
* Reel power key – Applies power to the supply and takeup Reels to position the tape for reading and places the reader in ready state.
* Non-process runout key – Feeds tape until the reader is empty and takes the reader out of ready state.
IBM 1622 Card reader/punch
The IBM 1622 Card reader/punch could:
* read a maximum of 250 cards per minute
* punch a maximum of 125 cards/minute.[
The 1622's controls were divided into three groups: 3 punch control rocker switches, 6 buttons, and 2 reader control rocker switches.
Punch Rocker switches:
* Punch Off/Punch On – This rocker turned the punch mechanism off or on.
* Select No-Stop/Select Stop – This rocker selected if mispunched cards (deposited in the punch error select stacker instead of the normal punch stacker) let the punch continue or caused a check stop.
* Non-Process Runout – This rocker with the punch hopper empty, "ranout" remaining cards from the punch mechanism.
Buttons:
* Start punch – Pressing this key with the punch idle and on, started the punch. The computer could now punch cards.
* Stop punch – Pressing this key with the punch active, stopped the punch.
* Check Reset – Pressing this key reset all "error check" conditions in the reader and punch.
* Load – Pressing this key with the reader idle and on and the computer in ''Manual'' mode started the reader, reset the program counter (in the MARS core memory) to zero, read one card into the reader's buffer and checked the card for errors, and simulated the execution of a Read Numeric from Card Reader to address zero (reading the 80 characters of the reader's buffer into memory addresses 00000 to 00079), then switched the computer into ''Automatic'' mode (starting execution at the address in the program counter).
* Stop reader – Pressing this key with the reader active, stopped the reader.
* Start reader – Pressing this key with the reader idle and on, started the reader and read one card into the reader's buffer and checked the card for errors. The computer could now read cards.
Reader Rocker switches:
* Non-Process Runout – This rocker with the read hopper empty, "ranout" remaining cards from the reader mechanism.
* Reader Off/Reader On – This rocker turned the reader mechanism off or on.
]
Disk drives
The 1311
Year 1311 ( MCCCXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 6 – Henry VII is crowned King of Italy in Milan, and on February 12 cru ...
Disk drive controls.
* Module light – This light shows the drive number. When it lights the drive is ready for access.
* Compare-Disable key-switch – When this (Master only) switch is in the ON position and the Write Address button is pressed a full track write may be performed without comparing addresses. Used to format disk packs.
* Select Lock light – When this (Master only) lights one or more of the drives has malfunctioned. No disk access can be performed.
* Write Address button/light – This (Master only) key controls writing sector addresses. Pressing it toggles this enable and turns its light on/off.
* Enable-Disable toggle-switch – This switch enables or disables access to the drive. If this switch is disabled on the Master, all drives are disabled regardless of the state of their own switches. Also controls the disk usage time meter(s).
* Start Stop button – Pressing this key starts or stops the disk drive motor. The motor must be stopped to open the lid and change disk packs.
General
The FORTRAN II compiler and SPS assembler were somewhat cumbersome to use by modern standards, however, with repetition, the procedure soon became automatic and you no longer thought about the details involved.
GOTRAN was much simpler to use, as it directly produced an executable in memory. However it was not a complete FORTRAN implementation.
To improve this various third-party FORTRAN compilers were developed. One of these was developed by Bob Richardson, a programmer at Rice University
William Marsh Rice University (Rice University) is a Private university, private research university in Houston, Houston, Texas. It is on a 300-acre campus near the Houston Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center. Rice is ranke ...
, the FLAG (FORTRAN Load-and-Go) compiler. Once the FLAG deck had been loaded, all that was needed was to load the source deck to get directly to the output deck; FLAG stayed in memory, so it was immediately ready to accept the next source deck. This was particularly convenient for dealing with many small jobs. For instance, at Auckland University
The University of Auckland is a public university, public research university based in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the largest, most comprehensive and highest-ranked university in New Zealand and consistently places among the top 100 universit ...
a batch job processor for student assignments (typically, many small programs not requiring much memory) chugged through a class lot rather faster than the later IBM 1130
The IBM 1130 Computing System, introduced in 1965, was IBM's least expensive computer at that time. A binary 16-bit machine, it was marketed to price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets, like education and engineering, succeeding th ...
did with its disk-based system. The compiler remained in memory, and the student's program had its chance in the remaining memory to succeed or fail, though a bad failure might disrupt the resident compiler.
Later, disk storage devices were introduced, removing the need for working storage on card decks. The various decks of cards constituting the compiler and loader no longer need be fetched from their cabinets but could be stored on disk and loaded under the control of a simple disk-based operating system: a lot of activity becomes less visible, but still goes on.
Since the punch side of the card reader-punch did not edge-print the characters across the top of the cards, one had to take any output decks over to a separate machine, typically an IBM 557 Alphabetic Interpreter, that read each card and printed its contents along the top. Listings were usually generated by punching a listing deck and using an IBM 407 accounting machine to print the deck.
Hardware implementation
Most of the logic circuitry of the 1620 was a type of resistor–transistor logic Resistor–transistor logic (RTL) (sometimes also transistor–resistor logic (TRL)) is a class of digital circuits built using resistors as the input network and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as switching devices. RTL is the earliest class o ...
(RTL) using "drift" transistors (a type of transistor invented by Herbert Kroemer
Herbert Kroemer (; born August 25, 1928) is a German-American physicist who, along with Zhores Alferov, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for "developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics". Kroemer ...
in 1953) for their speed, that IBM referred to as Saturated Drift Transistor Resistor Logic
The IBM 1620 was announced by IBM on October 21, 1959, and marketed as an inexpensive scientific computer. After a total production of about two thousand machines, it was withdrawn on November 19, 1970. Modified versions of the 1620 were used as ...
(SDTRL). Other IBM circuit types used were referred to as: ''Alloy'' (some logic, but mostly various non-logic functions, named for the kind of transistors used), ''CTRL'' (another type of RTL, but slower than ''SDTRL''), ''CTDL'' (a type of diode–transistor logic
Diode–transistor logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits that is the direct ancestor of transistor–transistor logic. It is called so because the logic gating function (e.g., AND) is performed by a diode network and the amplifying functio ...
(DTL)), and ''DL'' (another type of RTL, named for the kind of transistor used, "drift" transistors). Typical logic levels of all these circuits (''S Level'') were high: 0 V to -0.5 V, low: -6 V to -12 V. Transmission line
In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmis ...
logic levels of ''SDTRL'' circuits (''C Level'') were high: 1 V, low: -1 V. Relay circuits used either of two logic levels (''T Level'') high: 51 V to 46 V, low: 16 V to 0 V or (''W Level'') high: 24 V, low: 0 V.
These circuits were constructed of individual discrete components mounted on single sided paper-epoxy printed circuit
A printed circuit board (PCB; also printed wiring board or PWB) is a medium used in electrical and electronic engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner. It takes the form of a laminated sandwich struc ...
boards with a 16-pin gold-plated edge connector
An edge connector is the portion of a printed circuit board (PCB) consisting of traces leading to the edge of the board that are intended to plug into a matching socket. The edge connector is a money-saving device because it only requires a sing ...
, that IBM referred to as ''SMS'' cards (''Standard Modular System
The Standard Modular System (SMS) is a system of standard transistorized circuit boards and mounting racks developed by IBM in the late 1950s, originally for the IBM 7030 Stretch. They were used throughout IBM's second-generation computers, peri ...
''). The amount of logic on one card was similar to that in one 7400 series
The 7400 series of integrated circuits (ICs) are a popular logic family of transistor–transistor logic (TTL) logic chips.
In 1964, Texas Instruments introduced the SN5400 series of logic chips, in a ceramic semiconductor package. A low-co ...
SSI or simpler MSI package (e.g., 3 to 5 logic gates or a couple of flip-flops).
These boards were inserted into sockets mounted in door-like racks which IBM referred to as ''gates''. The machine had the following "gates" in its basic configuration:
* "Gate A" Forward hinged gate that swings out the back for access, after "Gate B".
* "Gate B" Rear hinged gate that swings out the back for access.
* "Gate C" Slides out back for access. Console Typewriter interface. Mostly relay
A relay
Electromechanical relay schematic showing a control coil, four pairs of normally open and one pair of normally closed contacts
An automotive-style miniature relay with the dust cover taken off
A relay is an electrically operated switch ...
logic.
* "Gate D" Slides out back for access. Standard I/O interface.
There were two different types of core memory
Core or cores may refer to:
Science and technology
* Core (anatomy), everything except the appendages
* Core (manufacturing), used in casting and molding
* Core (optical fiber), the signal-carrying portion of an optical fiber
* Core, the central ...
used in the 1620:
* Main memory
** Coincident Current X-Y Line addressing
*** 20,000, 40,000, or 60,000 Digits
** 12-bit, even-odd Digit Pair
** 12 one-bit planes in each module, 1 to 3 modules
*** 10,000 cores per plane
* Memory Address Register Storage (MARS) memory
** Word Line addressing
*** 16 Words, minimum of eight used in basic configuration
*** Single Word read, multiple Word clear/write
** 24-bit, five-digit decimal Memory Address (no 8 - Ten Thousand bit stored)
** 1 plane
*** 384 cores
The address decoding logic of the Main memory also used two planes of 100 pulse transformer
A variety of types of electrical transformer are made for different purposes. Despite their design differences, the various types employ the same basic principle as discovered in 1831 by Michael Faraday, and share several key functional part ...
cores per module to generate the X-Y Line half-current pulses.
There were two models of the 1620, each having totally different hardware implementations:
* IBM 1620 I
* IBM 1620 II
Development history
A computer for the "small scientific market"
In 1958 IBM assembled a team at the Poughkeepsie, New York
Poughkeepsie ( ), officially the City of Poughkeepsie, separate from the Town of Poughkeepsie around it) is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is the county seat of Dutchess County, with a 2020 census population of 31,577. Poughkeepsi ...
development laboratory to study the "small scientific market". Initially the team consisted of Wayne Winger (Manager), Robert C. Jackson, and William H. Rhodes.
Requirements and design
The competing computers in this market were the Librascope LGP-30
The LGP-30, standing for Librascope General Purpose and then Librascope General Precision, was an early off-the-shelf computer. It was manufactured by the Librascope company of Glendale, California (a division of General Precision Inc.), and so ...
and the Bendix G-15
The Bendix G-15 is a computer introduced in 1956 by the Bendix Corporation, Computer Division, Los Angeles, California. It is about and weighs about . The G-15 has a drum memory of 2,160 29-bit words, along with 20 words used for special purpos ...
; both were drum memory
Drum memory was a magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria. Drums were widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s as computer memory.
For many early computers, drum memory formed the main working memory ...
machines. IBM's smallest computer at the time was the popular IBM 650
The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine is an early digital computer produced by IBM in the mid-1950s. It was the first mass produced computer in the world. Almost 2,000 systems were produced, the last in 1962, and it was the firs ...
, a fixed word length decimal machine that also used drum memory. All three used vacuum tube
A vacuum tube, electron tube, valve (British usage), or tube (North America), is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric voltage, potential difference has been applied.
The type kn ...
s. It was concluded that IBM could offer nothing really new in that area. To compete effectively would require use of technologies that IBM had developed for larger computers, yet the machine would have to be produced at the least possible cost.
To meet this objective, the team set the following requirements:
* Core memory
* Restricted instruction set
** No divide or floating point instructions, use subroutines in the "general program package"
* Wherever possible replace hardware with existing logical machine functions
** No arithmetic circuits, use tables in core memory
* Least expensive Input/Output possible
** No punch cards, use paper tape
** No printer, use operator's console typewriter
The prototype
The team expanded with the addition of Anne Deckman, Kelly B. Day, William Florac, and James Brenza. They completed the (codename) CADET prototype in the spring of 1959.
Meanwhile, the San Jose, California
San Jose, officially San José (; ; ), is a major city in the U.S. state of California that is the cultural, financial, and political center of Silicon Valley and largest city in Northern California by both population and area. With a 2020 popul ...
facility was working on a proposal of its own. IBM could only build one of the two and the Poughkeepsie
Poughkeepsie ( ), officially the City of Poughkeepsie, separate from the Town of Poughkeepsie around it) is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is the county seat of Dutchess County, with a 2020 census population of 31,577. Poughkeepsi ...
proposal won because "the San Jose version is top of the line and not expandable, while your proposal has all kinds of expansion capability - never offer a machine that cannot be expanded".
Management was not entirely convinced that core memory
Core or cores may refer to:
Science and technology
* Core (anatomy), everything except the appendages
* Core (manufacturing), used in casting and molding
* Core (optical fiber), the signal-carrying portion of an optical fiber
* Core, the central ...
could be made to work in small machines, so Gerry Ottaway was loaned to the team to design a drum memory
Drum memory was a magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria. Drums were widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s as computer memory.
For many early computers, drum memory formed the main working memory ...
as a backup. During acceptance testing
In engineering and its various subdisciplines, acceptance testing is a test conducted to determine if the requirements of a specification or contract are met. It may involve chemical tests, physical tests, or performance tests.
In systems en ...
by the Product Test Lab, repeated core memory failures were encountered and it looked likely that management's predictions would come true. However, at the last minute it was found that the muffin fan used to blow hot air through the core stack was malfunctioning, causing the core to pick up noise pulses and fail to read correctly. After the fan problem was fixed, there were no further problems with the core memory and the drum memory design effort was discontinued as unnecessary.
Transferred to San Jose for production
Following announcement of the IBM 1620 on October 21, 1959, due to an internal reorganization of IBM, it was decided to transfer the computer from the Data Processing Division at Poughkeepsie (large scale mainframe computers only) to the General Products Division at San Jose (small computers and support products only) for manufacturing.
Following transfer to San Jose, someone there jokingly suggested that the code name CADET
A cadet is an officer trainee or candidate. The term is frequently used to refer to those training to become an officer in the military, often a person who is a junior trainee. Its meaning may vary between countries which can include youths in ...
actually stood for "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try", referring to the use of addition tables in memory rather than dedicated addition circuitry (and SDTRL actually stood for "Sold Down The River Logic" became a common joke among the CEs). This stuck and became very well known among the user community.[even five years later, it was still uncommon for a high school to have an IBM 1620: ]["The IBM 1620 (a.k.a. CADET) ... stood for 'Can't Add and Doesn't Even Try.'"]
Implementation "levels"
* Model I
** Level A; prototype.
*** All flip-flops in the design were transistor
upright=1.4, gate (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (pink).
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to Electronic amplifier, amplify or electronic switch, switch e ...
ized versions of the original ''Eccles-Jordan trigger circuit''. While this machine was fully functional, it was found that the capacitor
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field by virtue of accumulating electric charges on two close surfaces insulated from each other. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.
The effect of ...
coupling used in these proved troublesome in the noisy signal environment of relay
A relay
Electromechanical relay schematic showing a control coil, four pairs of normally open and one pair of normally closed contacts
An automotive-style miniature relay with the dust cover taken off
A relay is an electrically operated switch ...
s and timing cam
Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and the bind ...
driven switch
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most common type of ...
es used to drive the console typewriter. This necessitated a ''complete redesign'' of the machine to use ''S-R'' flip-flops instead (except for two triggers used to generate clocks for the ''S-R'' flip-flops). However usage of the term ''Trigger'' was retained in all the documentation when referring to a flip-flop, as it was IBM's conventional term (as ''alphamerics'' was their term for alphanumerics).
*** This is the only level using a one piece vertical control panel, when the design was transferred from Poughkeepsie to San Jose it was redesigned to the two piece angled control panel used on all production models.
** Level B; first production.
*** This is the only level using a burnished aluminum lower control panel, later levels finished this panel with white.
** Level C; introduction of 1622 card reader/punch.
** Level D; introduction of 1311 disk drives and addition of optional "Gate J" containing disk control logic.
** Level E; introduction of Floating Point option.
** Level F
** Level G; introduction of Interrupt option (needed for IBM 1710
The IBM 1710 was a process control system that IBM introduced in March 1961. It used either a 1620 I or a 1620 II Computer and specialized I/O devices (e.g., IBM 1711 analog-to-digital converter and digital-to-analog converter, IBM 1712 discrete ...
).
*** Did not support BT & BB subroutines in interrupt code!
*** Disk control logic on "Gate J" logic merged into "Gate A" & "Gate B".
**** Made possible because much of logic was compacted using cards designed for the Model II.
** Level H; improved Interrupt option that supported BT & BB subroutines in interrupt code.
*** Final version of the Model I.
* Model II (no information on "Levels" available at this time)
:: The 1620 Model II introduced basic ALU hardware for addition and subtraction (making "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try" no longer applicable) and index register
An index register in a computer's CPU is a processor register (or an assigned memory location) used for pointing to operand addresses during the run of a program. It is useful for stepping through strings and arrays. It can also be used for hol ...
s.
* Model III
** Work was begun on a 1620 Model III but the project was quickly canceled as IBM wanted to promote sales of their new System/360
The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer systems that was announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. It was the first family of computers designed to cover both commercial and scientific applica ...
and discontinue the old lines.
Patents
Notable uses
An IBM 1620 model II was used by Vearl N. Huff, NASA Headquarters (FOB 10B, Washington DC) to program a three-dimensional simulation in Fortran of the tethered Gemini
Gemini may refer to:
Space
* Gemini (constellation), one of the constellations of the zodiac
** Gemini in Chinese astronomy
* Project Gemini, the second U.S. crewed spaceflight program
* Gemini Observatory, consisting of telescopes in the Northern ...
capsule Agena rocket module two-body problem at a time when it was not completely understood if it was safe to tether two objects together in space due to possible elastic tether induced collisions. The same computer was also used to simulate the orbits of the Gemini flights, producing printer-art charts of each orbit. These simulation were run over-night and the data examined the next day.
In 1963 an IBM 1620 was installed at IIT Kanpur providing the kicker for India's software prowess.
In 1964 at the Australian National University, Martin Ward used an IBM 1620 model I to calculate the order of the Janko group '' J1''.
In 1966 the ITU
The International Telecommunication Union is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies. It was established on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Unio ...
produced an explanatory film on a 1963 system for typesetting
Typesetting is the composition of text by means of arranging physical ''type'' (or ''sort'') in mechanical systems or ''glyphs'' in digital systems representing ''characters'' (letters and other symbols).Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random Ho ...
by computer at the ''Washington Evening Star
''The Washington Star'', previously known as the ''Washington Star-News'' and the Washington ''Evening Star'', was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C., between 1852 and 1981. The Sunday edition was known as the ''Sunday Star ...
'', using an IBM 1620 and a Linofilm phototypesetter
Phototypesetting is a method of setting type. It uses photography to make columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper.
It has been made obsolete by the popularity of the personal computer and desktop publishing (digital typesetting).
The ...
.
In 1964 an IBM 1620 was installed at The University of Iceland, becoming the first computer in Iceland.
Use in film and television
* A radio program was developed by DJ Rege Cordic for KDKA Pittsburgh, based on a baseball game simulator developed by John Burgeson of IBM and his brother, Paul, then an ensign in the U.S. Navy. This program was used in numerous demonstration events in the years 1960 to 1963 as an example of the power of computers to perform simulation exercises.
* The fictional computer Colossus of '' Colossus: The Forbin Project'' used about a dozen scrapped 1620 front panels purchased on the surplus market, in various orientations.
* A similar arrangement was used in a late TV episode and a movie[The IBM 1316 was the removable disk pack to the IBM 1311 disk drive of the IBM 1620, which explains the following: "“The Man from U.N.C.L.E.” movie's full of technological anachronisms ... Back in 1963, when the movie took place, there were disk packs available like the 10-pound IBM 1316." ] of ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'' is an American spy fiction television series produced by MGM Television, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Television and first broadcast on NBC. The series follows secret agents, played by Robert Vaughn and David McCallum, who wo ...
'' to portray a ''THRUSH'' supercomputer.
Anecdotes
CADET
Many in the user community recall the 1620 being referred to as ''CADET'', jokingly meaning "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try", referring to the use of addition tables in memory rather than dedicated addition circuitry.[
]
See development history for an explanation of all three known interpretations of the machine's code name.
The internal code name CADET was selected for the machine. One of the developers says that this stood for "Computer with ADvanced Economic Technology", however others recall it as simply being one half of ''"SPACE - CADET"'', where SPACE was the internal code name of the IBM 1401
The IBM 1401 is a variable-wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959. The first member of the highly successful IBM 1400 series, it was aimed at replacing unit record equipment for processing data stored on pu ...
machine, also then under development.
See also
* CDC 160
The CDC 160 series was a series of minicomputers built by Control Data Corporation. The CDC 160 and CDC 160-A were 12-bit minicomputers built from 1960 to 1965; the CDC 160G was a 13-bit minicomputer, with an extended version of the CDC 160-A i ...
, another desk scientific computer from Control Data Corporation
Control Data Corporation (CDC) was a mainframe and supercomputer firm. CDC was one of the nine major United States computer companies through most of the 1960s; the others were IBM, Burroughs Corporation, DEC, NCR, General Electric, Honeywel ...
released in 1960
* CAB 500, another desk scientific computer from Société d'Electronique et d'Automatisme released in 1960
References
External links
IBM 1620 restoration project
IBM 1620 documents
from bitsavers.org
System Reference Manual for the IBM 1620 Central Processing Unit, Model 1
(PDF)
System Reference Manual for the IBM 1620 Central Processing Unit, Model 2
(PDF)
* ttp://www.jowsey.com/java/sim1620/ IBM 1620 Simulator Applet(part of the IBM 1620 restoration project)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibm 1620
1950s computers
1620
Events
January–June
* February 4 – Prince Bethlen Gabor signs a peace treaty with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
* May 17 – The first merry-go-round is seen at a fair (Philippapolis, Turkey).
* June 3 – The ...
Magnetic-core memory computers
Variable word length computers
Computer-related introductions in 1959
Decimal computers